On the Frauds of Observers Suggestions for the Advancement of Science in EnglandOf the Necessity that Members of the Royal Society --------- should express their OpinionsOf Biennial PresidentsOf the Influence of the Colleges of Physicians and --------- Surgeons in the Royal SocietyOf the Influence of the Royal Institution on the Royal --------- SocietyOf the Transactions of the Royal SocietyOf the Union of Scientific Societies * REFLECTIONS ON THE DECLINE OF SCIENCE IN ENGLAND, AND ON SOME OF ITS CAUSES INTRODUCTORY REMARKS It cannot have escaped the attention of those, whose acquirements enable them to judge, and who have had opportunities of examining the state of science in other countries, that in England, particularly with respect to the more difficult and abstract sciences, we are much below other nations, not merely of equal rank, but below several even of inferior power That a country, eminently distinguished for its mechanical and manufacturing ingenuity, should be indifferent to the progress of inquiries which form the highest departments of that knowledge on whose more elementary truths its wealth and rank depend, is a fact which is well deserving the attention of those who shall inquire into the causes that influence the progress of nations To trace the gradual decline of mathematical, and with it of the highest departments of physical science, from the days of Newton to the present, must be left to the historian It is not within the province of one who, having mixed sufficiently with scientific society in England to see and regret the weakness of some of its greatest ornaments, and to see through and deplore the conduct of its pretended friends, offers these remarks, with the hope that they may excite discussion,--with the conviction that discussion is the firmest ally of truth,--and with the confidence that nothing but the full expression of public opinion can remove the evils that chill the enthusiasm, and cramp the energies of the science of England The causes which have produced, and some of the effects which have resulted from, the present state of science in England, are so mixed, that it is difficult to distinguish accurately between them I shall, therefore, in this volume, not attempt any minute discrimination, but rather present the result of my reflections on the concomitant circumstances which have attended the decay, and at the conclusion of it, shall examine some of the suggestions which have been offered for the advancement of British science CHAPTER I ON THE RECIPROCAL INFLUENCE OF SCIENCE AND EDUCATION That the state of knowledge in any country will exert a directive influence on the general system of instruction adopted in it, is a principle too obvious to require investigation And it is equally certain that the tastes and pursuits of our manhood will bear on them the traces of the earlier impressions of our education It is therefore not unreasonable to suppose that some portion of the neglect of science in England, may be attributed to the system of education we pursue A young man passes from our public schools to the universities, ignorant almost of the elements of every branch of useful knowledge; and at these latter establishments, formed originally for instructing those who are intended for the clerical profession, classical and mathematical pursuits are nearly the sole objects proposed to the student's ambition Much has been done at one of our universities during the last fifteen years, to improve the system of study; and I am confident that there is no one connected with that body, who will not do me the justice to believe that, whatever suggestions I may venture to offer, are prompted by the warmest feelings for the honour and the increasing prosperity of its institutions The ties which connect me with Cambridge are indeed of no ordinary kind Taking it then for granted that our system of academical education ought to be adapted to nearly the whole of the aristocracy of the country, I am inclined to believe that whilst the modifications I should propose would not be great innovations on the spirit of our institutions, they would contribute materially to that important object It will be readily admitted, that a degree conferred by an university, ought to be a pledge to the public that he who holds it possesses a certain quantity of knowledge The progress of society has rendered knowledge far more various in its kinds than it used to be; and to meet this variety in the tastes and inclinations of those who come to us for instruction, we have, besides the regular lectures to which all must attend, other sources of information from whence the students may acquire sound and varied knowledge in the numerous lectures on chemistry, geology, botany, history,

She shook her head, and coming back, sat down in her placeThen, looking at me with open eyes, as of one waked from sleep, she said simply, "I cannot!" and remained silentI rejoiced, for I knew that what she could not, none of those that we dreaded couldThough there might be danger to her body, yet her soul was safe! Presently the horses began to scream, and tore at their tethers till I came to them and quieted themWhen they did feel my hands on them, they whinnied low as in joy, and licked at my hands and were quiet for a timeMany times through the night did I come to them, till it arrive to the cold hour when all nature is at lowest, and every time my coming was with quiet of themIn the cold hour the fire began to die, and I was about stepping forth to replenish it, for now the snow came in flying sweeps and with it a chill mistEven in the dark there was a light of some kind, as there ever is over snow, and it seemed as though the snow flurries and the wreaths of mist took shape as of women with trailing garmentsAll was in dead, grim silence only that the horses whinnied and cowered, as if in terror of the worstI began to fear, horrible fearsBut then came to me the sense of safety in that ring wherein I stoodI began too, to think that my imaginings were of the night, and the gloom, and the unrest that I have gone through, and all the terrible anxietyIt was as though my memories of all Jonathan's horrid experience were befooling meFor the snow flakes and the mist began to wheel and circle round, till I could get as though a shadowy glimpse of those women that would have kissed himAnd then the horses cowered lower and lower, and moaned in terror as men do in painEven the madness of fright was not to them, so that they could break awayI feared for my dear Madam Mina when these weird figures drew near and circled roundI looked at her, but she sat calm, and smiled at meWhen I would have stepped to the fire to replenish it, she caught me and held me back, and whispered, like a voice that one hears in a dream, so low it was "No! No! Do not go withoutHere you are safe!" I turned to her, and looking in her eyes said, "But you? It is for you that I fear!" Whereat she laughed, a laugh low and unreal, and said, "Fear for me! Why fear for me? None safer in all the world from them than I am," and as I wondered at the meaning of her words, a puff of wind made the flame leap up, and I see the red scar on her foreheadDid I not, I would soon have learned, for the wheeling figures of mist and snow came closer, but keeping ever without the Holy circleThen they began to materialize till, if God have not taken away my reason, for I saw it through my eyesThere were before me in actual flesh the same three women that Jonathan saw in the room, when they would have kissed his throatI knew the swaying round forms, the bright hard eyes, the white teeth, the ruddy colour, the voluptuous lipsThey smiled ever at poor dear Madam MinaAnd as their laugh came through the silence of the night, they twined their arms and pointed to her, and said in those so sweet tingling tones that Jonathan said were of the intolerable sweetness of the water glasses, "Come, sisterCome!" In fear I turned to my poor Madam Mina, and my heart with gladness leapt like flameFor oh! the terror in her sweet eyes, the repulsion, the horror, told a story to my heart that was all of hopeGod be thanked she was not, yet, of themI seized some of the firewood which was by me, and holding out some of the Wafer, advanced on them towards the fireThey drew back before me, and laughed their low horrid laughI fed the fire, and feared them notFor I knew that we were safe within the ring, which she could not leave no more than they could enterThe horses had ceased to moan, and lay still on the groundThe snow fell on them softly, and they grew whiterI knew that there was for the poor beasts no more of terror And so we remained till the red of the dawn began to fall through the snow gloomI was desolate and afraid, and full of woe and terrorBut when that beautiful sun began to climb the horizon life was to me shop again

-I got home at five o'clock, and found that Godalming and Morris had not only arrived, but had already studied the transcript of the various diaries and letters which Harker had not yet returned from his visit to the carriers' men, of whom DrHennessey had written to meHarker gave us a cup of tea, and I can honestly say that, for the first time since I have lived in it, this old house seemed like homeWhen we had finished, MrsSeward, may I ask a favour? I want to see your patient, MrWhat you have said of him in your diary interests me so much!" She looked so appealing and so pretty that I could not refuse her, and there was no possible reason why I should, so I took her with meWhen I went into the room, I told the man that a lady would like to see him, to which he simply answered, "Why?" "She is going through the house, and wants to see every one in it," I answered "Oh, very well," he said, "let her come in, by all means, but just wait a minute till I tidy up the place His method of tidying was peculiar, he simply swallowed all the flies and spiders in the boxes before I could stop himIt was quite evident that he feared, or was jealous of, some interferenceWhen he had got through his disgusting task, he said cheerfully, "Let the lady come in," and sat down on the edge of his bed with his head down, but with his eyelids raised so that he could see her as she enteredFor a moment I thought that he might have some homicidal intentI remembered how quiet he had been just before he attacked me in my own study, and I took care to stand where I could seize him at once if he attempted to make a spring at her She came into the room with an easy gracefulness which would at once command the respect of any lunatic, for easiness is one of the qualities mad people most respectShe walked over to him, smiling pleasantly, and held out her hand "Good evening, Mr"You see, I know you, for DrSeward has told me of you He made no immediate reply, but eyed her all over intently with a set frown on his faceThis look gave way to one of wonder, which merged in doubt, then to my intense astonishment he said, "You're not the girl the doctor wanted to marry, are you? You can't be, you know, for she's deadHarker smiled sweetly as she replied, "Oh no! I have a husband of my own, to whom I was married before I ever saw Dr "Then what are you doing here?" "My husband and I are staying on a visit with Dr "Then don't stay "But why not?" I thought that this style of conversation might not be pleasant to MrsHarker, any more than it was to me, so I joined in, "How did you know I wanted to marry anyone?" His reply was simply contemptuous, given in a pause in which he turned his eyes from MrsHarker to me, instantly turning them back again, "What an asinine question!" "I don't see that at all, MrHarker, at once championing me He replied to her with as much courtesy and respect as he had shown contempt to me, "You will, of course, understand, MrsHarker, that when a man is so loved and honoured as our host is, everything regarding him is of interest in our little communitySeward is loved not only by his household and his friends, but even by his patients, who, being some of them hardly in mental equilibrium, are apt to distort causes and effectsSince I myself have been an inmate of a lunatic asylum, I cannot but notice that the sophistic tendencies of some of its inmates lean towards the errors of non causa and ignoratio elenche I positively opened my eyes at this new developmentHere was my own pet lunatic, the most pronounced of his type that I had ever met with, talking elemental philosophy, and with the manner of a polished gentlemanI wonder if it was MrsHarker's presence which had touched some chord in his memoryIf this new phase was spontaneous, or in any way due to her unconscious influence, she must have some rare gift or power We continued to talk for some time, and seeing that he was seemingly quite reasonable, she ventured, looking at me questioningly as she began, to lead him to his favourite topicI was again astonished, for he addressed himself to the question with the impartiality of the completest sanityHe even took himself as an example when he mentioned certain things "Why, I myself am an instance of a man who had a strange shop belief

Clare at first employed him occasionally; but, struck with his soundness of mind and good business capacity, he confided in him more and more, till gradually all the marketing and providing for the family were intrusted to him ?No, no, Adolph,? he said, one day, as Adolph was deprecating the passing of power out of his hands; ?let Tom aloneYou only understand what you want; Tom understands cost and come to; and there may be some end to money, bye and bye if we don?t let somebody do that Trusted to an unlimited extent by a careless master, who handed him a bill without looking at it, and pocketed the change without counting it, Tom had every facility and temptation to dishonesty; and nothing but an impregnable simplicity of nature, strengthened by Christian faith, could have kept him from itBut, to that nature, the very unbounded trust reposed in him was bond and seal for the most scrupulous accuracy With Adolph the case had been differentThoughtless and self-indulgent, and unrestrained by a master who found it easier to indulge than to regulate, he had fallen into an absolute confusion as to meum tuum with regard to himself and his master, which sometimes troubled even StHis own good sense taught him that such a training of his servants was unjust and dangerousA sort of chronic remorse went with him everywhere, although not strong enough to make any decided change in his course; and this very remorse reacted again into indulgenceHe passed lightly over the most serious faults, because he told himself that, if he had done his part, his dependents had not fallen into them Tom regarded his gay, airy, handsome young master with an odd mixture of fealty, reverence, and fatherly solicitudeThat he never read the Bible; never went to church; that he jested and made free with any and every thing that came in the way of his wit; that he spent his Sunday evenings at the opera or theatre; that he went to wine parties, and clubs, and suppers, oftener than was at all expedient,?were all things that Tom could see as plainly as anybody, and on which he based a conviction that ?Mas?r wasn?t a Christian;??a conviction, however, which he would have been very slow to express to any one else, but on which he founded many prayers, in his own simple fashion, when he was by himself in his little dormitoryNot that Tom had not his own way of speaking his mind occasionally, with something of the tact often observable in his class; as, for example, the very day after the Sabbath we have described, StClare was invited out to a convivial party of choice spirits, and was helped home, between one and two o?clock at night, in a condition when the physical had decidedly attained the upper hand of the intellectualTom and Adolph assisted to get him composed for the night, the latter in high spirits, evidently regarding the matter as a good joke, and laughing heartily at the rusticity of Tom?s horror, who really was simple enough to lie awake most of the rest of the night, praying for his young master ?Well, Tom, what are you waiting for?? said StClare, the next day, as he sat in his library, in dressing-gown and slippersClare had just been entrusting Tom with some money, and various commissions?Isn?t all right there, Tom?? he added, as Tom still stood waiting ?I?m ?fraid not, Mas?r,? said Tom, with a grave faceClare laid down his paper, and set down his coffee-cup, and looked at Tom ?Why Tom, what?s the case? You look as solemn as a coffin ?I feel very bad, Mas?rI allays have thought that Mas?r would be good to everybody ?Well, Tom, haven?t I been? Come, now, what do you want? There?s something you haven?t got, I suppose, and this is the preface ?Mas?r allays been good to meI haven?t nothing to complain of on that headBut there is one that Mas?r isn?t good to ?Why, Tom, what?s got into you? Speak out; what do you mean?? ? night, between one and two, I thought soI studied upon the matter thenMas?r isn?t good to himself Tom said this with his back to his master, and his hand on the door-knobClare felt his face flush crimson, but he laughed ?O, that?s all, is it?? he said, gayly ?All!? said Tom, turning suddenly round and falling on his knees?O, my dear young Mas?r; I?m ?fraid it will be loss of all?all?body and soulThe good Book says, ?it biteth like a serpent and stingeth like an adder!? my dear Mas?r!? Tom?s voice choked, and the tears ran down his cheeks ?You poor, silly fool!? said StClare, with tears in his own eyesI?m not worth crying shop over

There were no relatives at hand, and as Arthur had to be back the next day to attend at his father's funeral, we were unable to notify any one who should have been biddenUnder the circumstances, Van Helsing and I took it upon ourselves to examine papers, etcHe insisted upon looking over Lucy's papers himselfI asked him why, for I feared that he, being a foreigner, might not be quite aware of English legal requirements, and so might in ignorance make some unnecessary trouble He answered me, "I know, I knowYou forget that I am a lawyer as well as a doctorBut this is not altogether for the lawYou knew that, when you avoided the coronerI have more than him to avoidThere may be papers more, such as this As he spoke he took from his pocket book the memorandum which had been in Lucy's breast, and which she had torn in her sleep "When you find anything of the solicitor who is for the late MrsWestenra, seal all her papers, and write him tonightFor me, I watch here in the room and in Miss Lucy's old room all night, and I myself search for what may beIt is not well that her very thoughts go into the hands of strangers I went on with my part of the work, and in another half hour had found the name and address of MrsWestenra's solicitor and had written to himAll the poor lady's papers were in orderExplicit directions regarding the place of burial were givenI had hardly sealed the letter, when, to my surprise, Van Helsing walked into the room, saying, "Can I help you friend John? I am free, and if I may, my service is to you "Have you got what you looked for?" I asked To which he replied, "I did not look for any specific thingI only hoped to find, and find I have, all that there was, only some letters and a few memoranda, and a diary new begunBut I have them here, and we shall for the present say nothing of themI shall see that poor lad tomorrow evening, and, with his sanction, I shall use some When we had finished the work in hand, he said to me, "And now, friend John, I think we may to bedWe want sleep, both you and I, and rest to recuperateTomorrow we shall have much to do, but for the tonight there is no need of usAlas!" Before turning in we went to look at poor LucyThe undertaker had certainly done his work well, for the room was turned into a small chapelle ardenteThere was a wilderness of beautiful white flowers, and death was made as little repulsive as might beThe end of the winding sheet was laid over the faceWhen the Professor bent over and turned it gently back, we both started at the beauty before usThe tall wax candles showing a sufficient light to note it wellAll Lucy's loveliness had come back to her in death, and the hours that had passed, instead of leaving traces of 'decay's effacing fingers', had but restored the beauty of life, till positively I could not believe my eyes that I was looking at a corpse The Professor looked sternly graveHe had not loved her as I had, and there was no need for tears in his eyesHe said to me, "Remain till I return," and left the roomHe came back with a handful of wild garlic from the box waiting in the hall, but which had not been opened, and placed the flowers amongst the others on and around the bedThen he took from his neck, inside his collar, a little gold crucifix, and placed it over the shop mouth